数字图像相关方法在土木测试领域中的实验研究

针对传统接触式测试方法(如电测法等)在土木工程领域中的局限性,开展了数字图像相关(Digital image correlation,DIC)方法在该测试领域的应用研究.采用橡胶带的拉伸实验来验证DIC方法的测量精度,具体的实验测试内容包括:基于空域和频域相结合的混合相关法,开展了建筑膜材的双轴拉伸实验,测量了膜材的力学参数;基于仿射变换的相关迭代法,开展了钢管混凝土框架梁柱连接模型的转角测量与分析实验,测量了加强环式连接的弯矩转角关系;基于时间序列DIC和高速摄影成像技术,开展了自由振动状态下拉索模型的动力学参数识别的实验研究.实验结果验证了这一新型检测手段用于测试建筑材料及结构的力学性能的可靠性与精度.     

Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of tropical total ozone under alternative QBO scenarios of equatorial stratospheric wind

Equatorial total column ozone variations with quasi-biennial periodicity are described by paying attention to their coupling with the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of zonal wind in equatorial stratosphere. Analysis is made for the 35-year time interval from 1978 to 2013 using the zonal mean total ozone (TOZ) data in latitude band from 5° S to 5° N derived from satellite measurements by means of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). The study was performed using strong seasonal regularities of the wind QBO and the discrete variation of the QBO-period revealed earlier. The forecast of the wind QBO evolution made in Gabis (2012) is fully justified. The comparison between predicted and actually observed changes of the height wind structure shows the prominent accordance, which confirms the forecast validity. It is shown that variations of deseasonalized TOZ are in strong coupling with changes of equatorial wind QBO that coincides with the numerous previous researches. However our results contradict the assumption about quite complicated ozone response in the equatorial region due to continuously varying with time relationship between annual and quasi-biennial cycles and irregularly variable wind QBO-period. The total ozone changes actually observed clearly corresponds to the mean ozone variations calculated for different QBO scenarios and aligned according to the sequence of QBO scenarios already occurred in fact. This close association indicates the possibility of forecasting the equatorial total ozone QBO based on the predicted wind QBO.     

气液两相流中气泡速度的电磁互相关测量

气液两相流作为一种工业领域中普遍存在的流态,在测量时需考虑气相和液相间的速度差。相较于流动规律平稳的气相而言,研究不稳定的气泡流动状态具有更高的技术难度。本文针对空气-水为工质的两相流中一项重要参数——气泡速度进行测量,引入基于互相关运算的电磁检测方法,通过提高系统激励频率得到较大的检测信号。实验设计了高频(1 MHz)电磁检测系统,选用垂直上升管道,并在管道的2个平行截面分别安装电磁传感器,每组传感器均包含一个激励线圈及一个接收线圈,对2组接收线圈上的相位信号进行互相关运算,从而求得气泡的速度。实验中,对3种不同速度气泡采集到的信号进行了对比分析,相对误差控制在10%以内,提供了一种完全非接触非侵入的测量气泡速度的方法。此方法可以进行后续补充完善,用于其他工业场合,如金属液中气泡参数的测量等。     

水下点火固体火箭发动机两相流流场数值分析

利用FLUENT软件,使用湍流模型和VOF(volume of fluid)模型对水下点火固体火箭发动机的气液两相流场进行数值分析,对点火初期喷管中燃气的流动过程和燃气泡的发展过程进行了仿真,数值模拟了固体火箭发动机尾流场燃气密度、压力和温度的分布规律。研究表明:点火初期,喷管内流场将有一个完整激波建立的过程,除此之后的喷管尾流区域,由于气体受到压力扰动的影响,激波结构被破坏,没有形成连续的膨胀—压缩波;射流过程中燃气泡头部一直保持较大直径,中部燃气通道存在随轴向周期性的膨胀-压缩现象;喷管尾流区,各流动参数出现不同程度的振荡现象:喷管出口燃气密度受外界水的压缩及传质传热的影响,出现峰值后逐渐稳定;喷管出口燃气总压由于受水环境的急剧压缩,在喷管出口附近形成一个高压区;喷管出口燃气温度经三次周期变化后,温度逐渐降至1750K以内。      

气泡对无阀微泵动态特性影响的实验研究

采用高速摄像机拍摄了收缩管/扩张管型无阀压电微泵泵腔中气泡的变化,包括进入、移动、合并和分离等过程。同时,采用压阻式微型压力传感器测试无阀压电微泵泵腔的压力脉动。实验结果表明气泡进入泵腔之后,流体有效体积弹性模量和无阀微泵压力脉动幅值明显减少,气泡的进入使无阀微泵的工作性能大大降低,甚至导致微泵无法正常工作;而气泡移动、合并和分离对流体有效体积弹性模量和微泵的动态特性影响较小。     

环糊精包结分离制备高纯度辛基二茂铁同分异构体

以辛基二茂铁工业品与本实验室前期分离得到的三种一元辛基二茂铁混合制剂(C8-Fc)为原料,以β-环糊精包结硅胶得到包结分离柱Immo-CD-1,确定了包结分离制备高纯度辛基二茂铁同分异构体的原料;在此基础上,利用正交实验的方法,确定了包结分离的主要影响因素与最佳条件,发现水分含量对于分离效果的影响最为显著,经Immo-CD-1柱分离得到纯度为97.2%的(4-辛基)-二茂铁、纯度大于96%的(3-辛基)-二茂铁以及(2-辛基)-二茂铁和(3-辛基)-二茂铁的混合物;利用类似的方法,以羟丙基-β-环糊精为主体材料制备包结分离柱Immo-CD-2,并对上述所得到的(2-辛基)-二茂铁和(3-辛基)-二茂铁混合物进行包结分离,经优化分离后,得到纯度大于95%的(2-辛基)-二茂铁。     

凝胶注模技术制备La0.8Sr0.2MnO3材料过程中的几个问题

对凝胶注模技术制备La0.8Sr0.2MnO3材料过程中的料浆的消泡、凝胶过程、凝胶方式和素坯的表征等几个问题进行探索性研究。分析结果表明,采用真空消泡,加热凝胶方式可以得到显微结构均匀的素坯。凝胶过程表明,链引发是凝胶过程的关键步骤。     

迎角、宽高比、湍流度对矩形截面柱体压强分布影响的研究

本文研究了宽高比、湍流度对矩形柱体压强分布的影响。迎角范围从0°到45°。随迎角增加或湍流强度增加,分离剪切层会在迎风面再附形成气泡。文中还讨论了沿柱体前表面的压强分布。     

水下爆轰燃气泡形态与激波传播过程研究*(爆震专刊)

针对脉冲爆轰发动机在水下工作过程中形成的燃气射流问题,搭建了水下爆轰燃气实验系统,研究了第一个爆轰循环在水下的燃气泡发展变化过程。建立了基于气液两相双流体模型的脉冲爆轰发动机水下喷射模型,采用时-空守恒元和求解元方法,模拟了爆轰波退化为激波在水中的传播及衰减过程。研究结果表明：燃气泡前期受外界水环境阻滞作用呈现“豌豆状”形态,充分发展阶段气液交界面逐渐失稳,在达到最大尺寸后开始收缩并在中心轴线位置出现凸出的射流；水下爆轰燃气射流发展过程中同时存在脱离燃气泡的水中前导激波和管口燃气泡内的高压区两部分,水中前导激波在传播过程中压力迅速衰减至常压量级,而管口燃气泡内则一直保持较高压力；中心轴线区域气液交界面处反射激波的回传使管口附近出现回击现象,并导致前导激波波阵面上压力峰值逐渐出现在30°方向上。     

Diagnostics of equatorial and low latitude ionosphere by TEC mapping over Brazil

The total electron content (TEC) in the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere over Brazil was monitored in two dimensions by using 2011 data from the ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver network operated by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics. It was possible to monitor the spatial and temporal variations in TEC over Brazil continuously during both day and night with a temporal interval of 10 min and a spatial resolution of about 400 km. The daytime equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) and post-sunset plasma enhancement (PS-EIA) were monitored over an area corresponding to a longitudinal extension of 4000 km in South America. Considerable day-to-day variation was observed in EIA and PS-EIA. A large latitudinal and longitudinal gradient of TEC indicated a significant ionospheric range error in application of the GNSS positioning system. Large-scale plasma bubbles after sunset were also mapped over a wide range. Depletions with longitudinally separated by more than 800 km were observed. They were extended by more than 2000 km along the magnetic field lines and drifted eastward. It is expected that 2-dimensional TEC mapping can serve as a useful tool for diagnosing ionospheric weather, such as temporal and spatial variation in the equatorial plasma trough and crest, and particularly for monitoring the dynamics of plasma bubbles.